Following the death of Jina Mahsa Amini and the mass protests shakingup Iran in late 2022, the novelty of protest dynamics and tactics were quickly discussed. These protests were characterized not only by a high degree of heterogeneity, ranging from ethnic minorities to nationalists, from secular feminists to conservative religious groups. They also followed trajectories of earlier waves of discontent and continued strategies developed by these earlier iterations of anti-regime protests.
Iran's "century revolutions" (Foran, 1994) seem to extend well beyond the 20th century, and for the time being, seem far from being concluded.

A deeper examination of these legacies of protests and the multiple, simultaneous movements highlights where future challengers to the Iranian state might emerge.